Q.2. Evaluate the views of Gandhi on the Varna system.

Mahatma Gandhi held nuanced views on the Varna system, which was deeply ingrained in Indian society. Let’s explore his perspective:

1. Equal Status and Functionality:
   • Gandhi believed that the Varna system was not inherently hierarchical. According to him, all the four Varnas (Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra) were equal in status and functional to society.
   • In his vision, the Varnas were placed horizontally and were mutually replaceable. This flexibility allowed for a more inclusive and adaptable system.
2. Occupational Distribution and Division of Labor:
   • Gandhi saw the Varna system as a form of division of labor and division of life based on duties.
   • Each Varna had specific occupations associated with it, but these were not fixed. A Brahmin could take up arms or perform Shudra duties if capable, without rejecting their ancestral priestly duties.
3. Rejecting Social Disabilities and Rigidity:
   • Gandhi rejected the rigid aspects of the Varna system, especially the social and religious disabilities imposed by Manusmriti.
   • He advocated for an open Varnashrama system, where individuals could choose their roles based on their abilities and interests.
4. Spiritual and Ethical Approach:
   • Gandhi’s views were rooted in spiritual and ethical principles. He believed that everyone should perform their duties selflessly and contribute to society.
   • For him, the fruits of labor were identical irrespective of the Varna or occupation followed by a person.
5. Criticism and Reality:
   • While Gandhi’s vision was progressive, the actual Varna system during his time was hierarchical and imposed discrimination.
   • Social and religious norms often restricted mobility and perpetuated inequalities.

In summary, Gandhi’s approach to the Varna system emphasized equality, flexibility, and the pursuit of duty. His vision aimed at a more just and harmonious society.