Q.2. Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South India. [UPSC 2024 GS P-1]

The Pallavas of Kanchi made significant contributions to the development of art and literature in South India, particularly during the 4th to 9th centuries. Their patronage and innovations laid the foundation for South Indian art forms and literary culture that influenced subsequent dynasties like the Cholas. Here’s an overview of their contributions:

1. Architectural Contributions:

The Pallavas were pioneers in South Indian temple architecture, which can be classified into two main phases: Rock-cut temples and structural temples.

• Rock-cut Temples: The Pallavas introduced rock-cut architecture, with early examples being the cave temples at Mahabalipuram (also known as Mamallapuram), attributed to Mahendravarman I. These temples represent an important step in the transition from wooden constructions to stone temples.
• Structural Temples: Under Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha), the Pallavas built free-standing, structural temples. The most famous of these is the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram and the Kailasanatha Temple at Kanchipuram, both showcasing early Dravidian architectural styles. These temples influenced the later Chola style and set the standard for South Indian temple architecture.

2. Sculptural Contributions:

The Pallavas were also innovators in stone sculpture. The descent of the Ganges or Arjuna’s Penance at Mahabalipuram is one of the largest and most detailed rock reliefs in the world, depicting a narrative from the Mahabharata.

• Pancha Rathas: The Pancha Rathas (Five Chariots) at Mahabalipuram, carved from single blocks of granite, are excellent examples of Pallava sculptural craftsmanship, each ratha (temple) representing a unique architectural form.
• Exquisite Carvings: The fine detailing of human and divine figures, animals, and mythological themes reflect the Pallava mastery in sculpture and their contribution to the development of Dravidian iconography.

3. Literary Contributions:

The Pallavas were great patrons of Sanskrit and Tamil literature.

• Sanskrit: The Pallava kings were highly learned and supported Sanskrit scholars. Mahendravarman I himself was a scholar and playwright, who wrote Mattavilasa Prahasana, a satirical Sanskrit play. Pallava inscriptions were predominantly in Sanskrit, showcasing the language’s significance at their court.
• Tamil: While the Pallavas were champions of Sanskrit, they also supported Tamil literature. The period saw the growth of Bhakti literature through the works of Alvars (Vaishnavite saints) and Nayanars (Shaivite saints). The devotional hymns written in Tamil became foundational to the Bhakti movement, emphasizing personal devotion to gods, particularly Vishnu and Shiva. The Pallavas provided support and protection to these saints, helping to spread their message.

4. Contribution to Music and Dance:

• The Pallavas were patrons of music and classical dance forms, which played a crucial role in temple rituals. The sculptures of dancers and musicians in their temples indicate their importance. The development of classical South Indian dance forms like Bharatanatyam is also associated with the artistic environment fostered by the Pallavas.

5. Spread of Indian Culture Abroad:

The Pallavas maintained trade and cultural relations with Southeast Asia, especially with countries like Cambodia, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Through these interactions, Pallava art, architecture, and culture influenced the development of temple architecture and sculpture in places like Angkor Wat and Borobudur.

Conclusion:

The Pallavas of Kanchi played a transformative role in the development of South Indian art and literature, particularly through their contributions to temple architecture, sculpture, and the promotion of Sanskrit and Tamil literature. Their artistic innovations laid the foundation for the flourishing of Dravidian architecture and cultural expressions in the centuries that followed, particularly under the Cholas. Their patronage of both Sanskrit and Tamil helped shape the literary landscape of the region, while their rock-cut and structural temples have become iconic symbols of India’s cultural heritage.