Q.19. Write a short note on temperate cyclones. How it impacts India?

Temperate cyclones, also known as extratropical cyclones, are large-scale low-pressure systems that form in the mid-latitudes, typically between 30° and 60° latitude, away from the equator. These cyclones are characterized by a frontal structure with associated cold fronts, warm fronts, and occluded fronts. They generally move from west to east due to the prevailing westerly winds and can last from a few days to over a week.

Impact on India: Temperate cyclones affect India, particularly during the winter months. Originating from the Mediterranean Sea, these cyclones enter the Indian subcontinent and bring with them significant weather changes, including:

• Rainfall: They are responsible for winter rainfall across the Northern plains of India, which is crucial for the growth and nourishment of ‘rabi’ crops, sown in winter and harvested in spring.

• Snowfall: These cyclones lead to snowfall in the mountainous regions, contributing to the scenic beauty and playing a role in maintaining the ecological balance.

• Temperature Changes: The warm air advection ahead of a cyclone’s warm front can cause a temporary rise in temperatures, followed by a drop as the cold front passes through.

• Agriculture: While the rainfall can benefit agriculture by replenishing soil moisture, excessive rainfall can lead to flooding, damaging crops and infrastructure.

In summary, temperate cyclones play a vital role in India’s climate dynamics, especially in the northern and northwestern regions, influencing agriculture, water resources, and the overall weather patterns during the winter season.