Q.10. Discuss the contributions of prominent Buddhist and Jain scholars and leaders to Indian society.

Prominent Buddhist and Jain scholars and leaders have made significant contributions to Indian society in various fields, including religion, philosophy, literature, and social reform.

Contributions of Prominent Buddhist Scholars and Leaders:

• Asvaghosa: A philosopher-poet who initially opposed Buddhism, Asvaghosa later became a follower and a spiritual counselor in Emperor Kanishka’s court. He is known as the father of Sanskrit drama and popularized the kavya style of Sanskrit poetry. His works include “Buddhacharita” and “Mahalankara”.

• Nagarjuna: A Mahayana Buddhist philosopher, Nagarjuna is regarded as the founder of the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. His philosophy of emptiness (sunyata) and the concept of Two Truths had a profound impact on Buddhist thought.

• Vasubandhu: A prolific writer and thinker, Vasubandhu contributed to the development of the Yogacara school of Buddhism and wrote extensively on Abhidharma philosophy.

These scholars played a key role in promoting national unity among Indians, challenging the caste system, and contributing to the moral and religious upliftment of society.

Contributions of Prominent Jain Scholars and Leaders:

• Mahavira: The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, Mahavira’s teachings on non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), non-possession (aparigraha), and celibacy (brahmacharya) laid the foundation for Jain ethical principles.
• Kundakunda: An influential Jain monk and philosopher, Kundakunda’s writings, such as “Samayasara” and “Pravachanasara,” focus on the internal aspects of religious practice and the soul’s liberation.
• Hemachandra: A polymath who made contributions to grammar, literature, and philosophy. His “Yogashastra” is a significant work on Jain yoga and philosophy.

Jain scholars and leaders emphasized moral conduct and ethical principles, aiming not just to convert people to Jainism but to bring about a moral uplift in society. The doctrine of non-violence championed by Jainism has had a lasting impact on Indian culture, promoting vegetarianism and influencing social practices.

Both Buddhist and Jain traditions have enriched Indian culture, contributing to its diversity and depth. Their emphasis on ethical living, compassion, and philosophical inquiry continues to influence Indian society and thought.