Q.7. In what ways does the Indian federal-system differ from the federal system in United States of America (USA)? Explain.

While both the countries are Federal in nature, these are some key differences between the Indian federal system and the United States federal system:

1. Nature of Federalism:
   • India: India has a quasi-federalism. It combines federal features with a strong unitary tendency.
   • USA: The United States has a more rigid and strong federal system. It is predominantly federal in character.
2. Constitution:
   • India: The entire nation is governed by one single constitution.
   • USA: Each state in the federal government has its own constitution.
3. Division of Powers:
   • India: The division of powers between the central (federal) government and state governments is asymmetric. The central government has more authority. Residuary powers are in the hands of the Union Government.
   • USA: The division of powers is more symmetric, with clear delineation between federal and state powers. Residuary powers remains with the individual States.
4. Unitary Bias:
   • India: Despite being federal, India exhibits a unitary bias. The central government has significant control over states.
   • USA: The US federalism is more balanced and less unitary.
5. State Autonomy:
   • India: States have limited autonomy compared to the central government.
   • USA: States have more independent authority within their spheres.
6. Formation:
   • India: India became a Socialist, Sovereign, Secular, and Democratic Republic in 1950.
   • USA: The US gained the status of a Federal Republic State in 1789.

In summary, while both India and the USA have federal structures, their federalism differs in terms of unitary tendencies, constitutional arrangements, and the balance of power between central and state governments.