Q.8. What is oil pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is pollution particularly harmful for a country like India. [UPSC 2023 GS P-3]

Oil pollution refers to the release of oil or petroleum products into the environment, particularly marine ecosystems. It can occur due to oil spills from tankers, accidents at offshore drilling platforms, or leakage from pipelines. The impacts of oil pollution on marine ecosystems are significant and multifaceted:

• Environmental Consequences:
  • India is home to diverse marine ecosystems, including coral reefs and mangroves. Oil pollution can lead to Damage to Marine Life.
  • Birds and Mammals: Oil destroys the insulating ability of fur-bearing mammals (e.g., sea otters) and the water-repellent properties of birds’ feathers. This exposes them to harsh elements, leading to hypothermia. Dolphins and whales can inhale oil, affecting their lungs, immune function, and reproduction. Many birds and animals ingest oil while trying to clean themselves, which can be poisonous.
  • Fish and Shellfish: Adult fish exposed to oil may experience reduced growth, enlarged livers, changes in heart and respiration rates, fin erosion, and impaired reproduction. Fish eggs and larvae are especially sensitive to lethal and sublethal impacts. Even when lethal effects are not observed, oil can make fish and shellfish unsafe for human consumption.
• Biodiversity Loss:
  • India’s rich marine ecosystems, including coral reefs and mangroves, are vulnerable to oil pollution. Habitat destruction, tarballs and oil spills can lead to loss of biodiversity.
• Health Threat to Coastal Communities:
  • India’s extensive coastline (over 7500 km) makes it especially vulnerable. Oil spills pose a significant health threat to coastal communities and people who rely on seafood.
• Lack of Laws and Regulations:
  • India faces challenges in effectively regulating and preventing oil pollution due to gaps in laws and enforcement mechanisms.

In summary, oil pollution poses significant threats to marine ecosystems, and for a country like India with diverse marine life, extensive coastlines, and industries dependent on marine resources, preventive measures and effective response strategies are crucial to mitigate its impacts.