Q.2. What are the essential virtues which are responsible for an ideal human ethical behaviour according to Mahatma Gandhi? Discuss.

Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy on ideal human ethical behavior is deeply rooted in his belief in truth and non-violence. According to Gandhiji, the essential virtues responsible for an ideal human ethical behavior include:

• Satya (Truthfulness): Gandhi placed great emphasis on truth and considered it the most important virtue. He believed that being truthful leads to self-purification and the realization of God.
• Ahimsa (Non-violence): Non-violence was not just a political strategy for Gandhi, but a fundamental principle that extended to all living beings. He advocated for the absence of physical violence, hatred, and enmity towards others.
• Samanta (Equality): Gandhi believed in the equality of all humans, regardless of race, caste, gender, or religion. He saw equality as a cornerstone for achieving social justice in society.
• Tapasya (Self-discipline): Self-discipline, according to Gandhi, was necessary in areas such as food, sleep, and sexual desires. He believed that control over one’s own desires was essential for ethical behavior.
• Nishkama Karma (Selflessness): Inspired by the Bhagavad Gita, Gandhi encouraged performing duties without any expectation of return or personal gain. He saw selflessness as crucial for promoting justice in society.
• Kshama (Forgiveness): Gandhi held that forgiveness requires strength and courage and is essential for personal and societal well-being and social harmony.

These virtues reflect Gandhiji’s holistic approach to life, where ethical behavior is not just about individual actions but also about contributing to the welfare of society and adhering to universal principles of morality. His teachings continue to inspire individuals and leaders around the world to lead lives of integrity and service.