Q.17. Discuss the causes and consequences of internal human migration in India.

Internal human migration in India is driven by a multitude of causes and has significant consequences for both the areas people migrate from and to.

Causes of Internal Migration:

• Economic Factors: The primary drivers are economic, with people moving in search of better employment opportunities, higher wages, and improved living standards. Push factors include unemployment, rural poverty, and unsustainable livelihoods, while pull factors are job opportunities and the prospect of wealth creation.

• Sociopolitical Factors: These include family reunification, independence, and social cohesion, as well as negative aspects like political instability, safety concerns, and conflicts.

• Ecological Factors: Environmental conditions such as climate change, extreme weather events, and scarcity of resources can push people to migrate to areas with more favorable ecological conditions.

Consequences of Internal Migration:

• Economic Impact: Migrants contribute to the GDP of the destination areas and send remittances back home, which can help in economic growth and poverty alleviation.

• Social Impact: Migration can lead to the establishment of enclaves within cities, affecting social cohesion and potentially leading to cultural and traditional changes.

• Demographic Impact: Migration affects the demographic composition of both source and destination areas, often leading to urban overcrowding and a strain on infrastructure.

• Environmental Impact: Large-scale migration to urban areas can lead to environmental degradation due to increased demand for housing, sanitation, and other services.

In summary, internal migration in India is a complex phenomenon with diverse causes and wide-ranging impacts. While it can lead to development and opportunities for individuals, it also poses challenges that need to be managed to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth.