Q.16. It is often said that poverty leads to corruption. However, there is no dearth of instances where affluent and powerful people indulge in corruption in a big way. What are the main causes of corruption among people? Support your answer with examples.

Corruption is a complex phenomenon with various causes that can affect individuals across different socio-economic statuses. While poverty can be a contributing factor, it is not the only reason people engage in corrupt practices. Here are some main causes of corruption among people:

• Greed and Self-Interest: Regardless of one’s financial status, the desire for more power, money, or status can drive individuals to corrupt behaviour.
• Cultural and Social Norms: In some societies, corruption is seen as an acceptable way to get ahead or navigate bureaucratic systems.
• Weak Legal and Judicial Systems: When laws are not strictly enforced, or there is a lack of transparency, it creates opportunities for corruption.
• Lack of Accountability: In environments where there is little oversight or consequences for corrupt actions, individuals may feel emboldened to engage in such practices.
• Economic Inequality: Extreme disparities in wealth can lead to corruption as those in power may use corrupt means to maintain their status, and those without may resort to corruption as a means of survival.
• Political Patronage: The practice of favouring supporters or relatives with jobs or contracts, regardless of merit, can perpetuate a cycle of corruption.
• Inefficient Bureaucracy: Overly complex regulations and procedures can encourage individuals to seek illicit shortcuts.

Examples of corruption can range from a low-level official accepting bribes to expedite services, to high-profile cases like the Enron scandal, where executives engaged in widespread corporate fraud. Another example is the FIFA corruption scandal, where officials were found guilty of accepting bribes for the allocation of World Cup tournaments.

Corruption can be found in both rich and poor countries, and among both wealthy and impoverished individuals. It is a multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive approach to address, including legal reforms, education, and cultural change.