Q.12. Write a note on “Problem of Equilibrium between Economic Development and Carbon Emission”.

The problem of achieving equilibrium between economic development and carbon emissions is a critical challenge faced by nations worldwide. Let’s explore this issue:

1. Context:
   • Economic Development: Refers to sustained growth in a country’s economy, leading to improved living standards, increased employment, and poverty reduction.
   • Carbon Emissions: Result from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), industrial processes, and deforestation. These emissions contribute to climate change by increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
2. The Dilemma:
   • Trade-Off: Economic development often requires increased energy consumption, industrialization, and transportation, which lead to higher carbon emissions.
   • Environmental Impact: Unchecked economic growth can harm the environment, affecting air quality, water resources, and ecosystems.
3. Challenges:
   • Carbon Intensive Industries: Industries like manufacturing, construction, and transportation are major contributors to emissions.
   • Energy Demand: As economies grow, energy demand rises, often met by fossil fuels.
   • Policy Dilemma: Policymakers face the challenge of balancing economic growth with environmental protection.
4. Mitigation Strategies:
   • Clean Energy Transition: Promote renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro) to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
   • Energy Efficiency: Improve energy efficiency in industries, buildings, and transportation.
   • Carbon Pricing: Implement mechanisms like carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems.
   • R&D and Innovation: Invest in green technologies and sustainable practices.
5. Global Cooperation:
   • Paris Agreement: Nations committed to limiting global warming by reducing emissions.
   • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Goal 13 focuses on climate action.
6. Equitable Growth: Achieving equilibrium requires inclusive economic growth that benefits all while minimizing environmental impact.

In summary, striking a balance between economic development and carbon emissions necessitates innovative policies, technological advancements, and global cooperation to ensure a sustainable future.