During the Sultanate period (1206-1526 CE), India witnessed significant technological advancements across various domains. These changes were influenced by a confluence of native Indian and Central Asian cultures. Here are the major technological changes introduced during that time and their impact on Indian society:
- Indo-Islamic Architecture:
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- The Sultanate period saw the emergence of Indo-Islamic architectural styles. Magnificent structures like mosques, tombs, and forts were built with distinctive features such as domes, minarets, and intricate carvings.
- The use of arches and domes, inspired by Islamic designs, allowed for the creation of large and aesthetically pleasing buildings. Notable examples include the Qutub Minar and the Alai Darwaza in Delhi.
- Agricultural Innovations:
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- The Persian wheel (known as “Rahat” in India) was introduced during this period. It improved water lifting and irrigation techniques, leading to more efficient crop cultivation and increased agricultural productivity.
- The instrument called “gaz-i-sikandari” streamlined land measurement, making revenue collection more efficient.
- Advancements in Art and Craft:
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- Calligraphy flourished during the Sultanate era, influencing manuscript illustrations and the production of beautifully decorated manuscripts. This enhanced the aesthetic appeal of written texts.
- The adoption of paper and bookbinding techniques facilitated education, culture, and administrative record-keeping.
- Advanced Mining Techniques:
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- Vertical bore pits and oval-shaft deep mines were introduced, enhancing metal production. This benefited toolmaking and weaponry.
- Textile Innovations:
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- The introduction of the spinning wheel increased yarn production six-fold.
- The pit loom, introduced in the fifteenth century, accelerated weaving processes.
- The draw loom allowed simultaneous patterned weaving with different colors.
Impact on Society:
- Political Unity: Flourishing armor and weaponry production played a pivotal role in expanding the Indian empire, promoting political unity, and bringing peace and stability to society.
- Architectural Legacy: The Indo-Islamic architectural styles introduced during the Sultanate period continue to influence Indian architecture today.
