Q.11. “Though the great Cholas are no more yet their name is still remembered with great pride because of their highest achievements in the domain of art and architecture.” Comment. [UPSC 2024 GS P-1]

The Cholas, one of the greatest dynasties of South India, left an indelible mark on the Indian subcontinent through their significant contributions to art and architecture. Despite their empire having faded into history, their achievements are still revered today. This enduring legacy is due to their remarkable advancements in temple architecture, bronze sculpture, and the promotion of fine arts.

1. Temple Architecture: The Chola period witnessed the zenith of South Indian temple architecture, particularly the Dravidian style. The Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, built by Rajaraja Chola I, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and stands as a monumental example of Chola architectural brilliance. Its towering vimana (temple tower), grand scale, intricate sculptures, and perfect proportions have inspired admiration across centuries. Other notable temples include the Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple.
2. Bronze Sculptures: The Cholas were masters of bronze casting. The bronze sculptures, especially the depictions of Nataraja (Lord Shiva in a cosmic dance form), are considered masterpieces of Indian art. These sculptures, created using the lost-wax method, are not only aesthetically beautiful but also deeply spiritual, symbolizing the union of art and divinity.
3. Patronage of Fine Arts: The Cholas actively supported and promoted music, dance, and literature. The temples they built were not only places of worship but also cultural centers where these art forms flourished. The devadasi system, where temple dancers performed classical Bharatanatyam, was prominent during this period.
4. Enduring Legacy: The Chola architectural style and artistic forms influenced later dynasties in South India. Their techniques and stylistic features became benchmarks for future temple architecture across Tamil Nadu and beyond, leaving a lasting imprint on the cultural and religious landscape.

In conclusion, though the Chola Empire has long vanished, their achievements in the fields of art and architecture continue to be celebrated with pride. These contributions not only reflect the Cholas’ cultural richness but also their deep devotion to preserving and enhancing Indian art and spirituality.