Q.18. Highlight the various ecological problems associated with the exploitation and utilization of resources from the Indian Ocean.

The exploitation and utilization of resources from the Indian Ocean have led to various ecological problems, which include:

• Biodiversity Loss: The marine biodiversity in the Indian Ocean is under threat due to overfishing, habitat destruction, and the introduction of invasive species. This loss of biodiversity has implications for food and livelihood security, as well as geopolitical complications within the region.
• Climate Change Impacts: The Indian Ocean has absorbed a significant amount of excess heat and carbon dioxide, leading to ocean acidification and warming. This has resulted in the decline of marine ecosystems such as coral reefs and mangroves, which are crucial habitats for marine species.
• Pollution: Plastic debris and chemical runoff have been identified as major pollutants in the Indian Ocean, causing hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and affecting marine life. Deep-sea mining activities also pose a risk by causing marine pollution and destroying habitats and biodiversity.
• Over-exploitation of Resources: The increasing demand for natural marine resources due to urbanization, industrialization, and technological advancements has led to the over-exploitation of fisheries, hydrocarbons, and minerals, particularly in areas below 2000 meters depth.
• Environmental Pressures: The Indian Ocean faces pressures from climate change impacts such as sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and extreme weather events, which are exacerbated by human activities like urbanization and industrialization.

Addressing these issues requires dynamic and holistic approaches that combine community-driven efforts with policy-enabled initiatives to protect and conserve the ocean’s health.